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Industrial facilities or process equipment may be subjected to over-pressures or excessive under-pressures in function of:<\/p>\n
– Fire on surrounding areas;
\n– Malfunction or process upsets;
\n– Equipment or utilities failures;
\n– Weather conditions changes;
\n– Exothermic chemical reactions.<\/p>\n
To achieve a safer project, and also get the most economical solution, one should always consider the following possibilities:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Can the risk of over-pressure or under-pressure be eliminated by means of changes in the process or in the plant design?
\n\u2022 Can the risk of over-pressure or under-pressure be reduced through inventories reduction or by changing process conditions?
\n\u2022 Can the over-pressure or under-pressure be contained by equipment designed to withstand the likely maximum pressure?
\n\u2022 Can one consider an alternative safeguard to the relief system?
\n\u2022 Can the relief systems be minimized by mechanical or instrumented systems?<\/p>\n
Explosions certainly cause over-pressure, but this subject will be discussed in the next chapter. Pressure relief systems for the present purpose refer to cases when a pressure increasing occurs within the time interval of several seconds or more, and there is no reaction front. In these cases, one can assume that:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Relief valves or rupture disks are able to open in due course;
\n\u2022 The piping is properly sized to accommodate the relief flow;
\n\u2022 The relief flow can be determined by equations of flow in steady-state regime;
\n\u2022 Flow conditions are approximately equal throughout the phase at any time (two-phase or three-phase flow);
\n\u2022 The additional pressure generation due to reaction in relief piping is negligible.<\/p>\n
The following general principles are applicable to an adequate relief system:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Relief systems must be selected and placed in order to minimize plant upsets and environmental damages;
\n\u2022 Relief systems should not be isolated from the equipment to be protected while the equipment is operating;
\n\u2022 The relief device discharge should be routed to a safe location, such as:<\/p>\n
– Catch-pot;
\n– Upstream the process;
\n– Storage tank;
\n– Vessel or cooling tower;
\n– Drainage system;
\n– Atmosphere;
\n– Knock-out drum;
\n– Absorption column;
\n– Incinerator;
\n– Flare stack.
\nThe design basis, as well as the calculation methodology, of all relief systems should be part of the project documents, and their verification must be incorporated into the management of change procedures.<\/p>\n
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